Face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic: how risk perception, experience with COVID-19, and attitude towards government interact with country-wide policy stringency.

BACKGROUND: During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, governments imposed numerous regulations to protect public health, particularly the (mandatory) use of face masks. However, the appropriateness and effectiveness of face mask regulations have been widely discussed, as is apparent from the divergent measures taken across and within countries over time, including mandating, recommending, and discouraging their use. In this study, we analyse how country-level policy stringency and individual-level predictors associate with face mask use during the early stages of the global COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: First, we study how (self and other-related) risk perception, (direct and indirect) experience with COVID-19, attitude towards government and policy stringency shape face mask use. Second, we study whether there is an interaction between policy stringency and the individual-level variables. We conduct multilevel analyses exploiting variation in face mask regulations across countries and using data from approximately 7000 students collected in the beginning of the pandemic (weeks 17 through 19, 2020). RESULTS: We show that policy stringency is strongly positively associated with face mask use. We find a positive association between self-related risk perception and mask use, but no relationship of mask use with experience with COVID-19 and attitudes towards government. However, in the interaction analyses, we find that government trust and perceived clarity of communication moderate the link between stringency and mask use, with positive government perceptions relating to higher use in countries with regulations and to lower use in countries without regulations. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight that those countries that aim for widespread use of face masks should set strict measures, stress self-related risks of COVID-19, and use clear communication.

L’entrepreneuriat et la PME à l’heure de la Covid-19… et après

La crise sanitaire mondiale est venue confirmer la vulnérabilité des PME, largement liée à l’interpénétration entre l’entreprise et son dirigeant, et donc au lien étroit entre la santé de ce dernier et celle de son organisation. Ainsi, dans un article portant sur un sujet sensible et complexe à explorer empiriquement, André Modeste Abate montre comment des PME camerounaises, affectées par les conséquences économiques du confinement, réussissent à transformer cette situation en opportunité, tout en étant soutenues par l’État, alors qu’elles opèrent dans l’économie informelle. Les divers pans de nos économies ont été affectés de façon très inégale durant les derniers mois : aux deux extrêmes du spectre, alors que certaines entreprises tiraient bénéfice de la crise sanitaire, d’autres ont dû fermer leurs portes ;entre ces deux situations, la plupart ont travaillé à assurer leur survie en modifiant leurs marchés, leurs façons de faire, leurs réseaux, etc.

L’entrepreneuriat et la PME à l’heure de la Covid-19... et après

L’objectif de cette introduction au numéro spécial sur l’entrepreneuriat et la PME à l’heure de la Covid-19 est, avant d’introduire les cinq articles originaux retenus, de donner un bref aperçu des effets, connus à ce jour, de la pandémie affectant les entrepreneurs, tant au niveau de la dynamique macroéconomique, qu’organisationnelle et personnelle, et de s’interroger sur le lien entre l’entrepreneuriat et la crise de la Covid-19. 1. Jamais, dans l’histoire de nos sociétés modernes, des mesures de restrictions sanitaires de l’ampleur que nous connaissons n’avaient été mises en place : fermeture des frontières, fermeture des entreprises et commerces, télétravail forcé, distanciation sociale et confinement, etc. En lien avec ces mesures, la crise a également un impact catastrophique sur toute une série de secteurs, comme la culture, le tourisme, l’hôtellerie et la restauration, le commerce non alimentaire, voire l’enseignement, pour n’en citer que certains. Les interdictions de voyager ont affecté plus de 90 % de la population mondiale et, du jour au lendemain, le monde connecté s’est transformé en une économie au foyer (World Economic Forum, 2020).

Hygiene and social distancing as distinct public health related behaviours among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic

Prevailing research on individuals' compliance with public health related behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic tends to study composite measures of multiple types of behaviours, without distinguishing between different types of behaviours. However, measures taken by governments involve adjustments concerning a range of different daily behaviours. In this study, we seek to explain students' public health related compliance behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic by examining the underlying components of such behaviours. Subsequently, we investigate how these components relate to individual attitudes towards public health measures, descriptive norms among friends and family, and key demographics. We surveyed 7,403 university students in ten countries regarding these behaviours. Principal Components Analysis reveals that compliance related to hygiene (hand washing, coughing behaviours) is uniformly distinct from compliance related to social distancing behaviours. Regression analyses predicting Social Distancing and Hygiene lead to differences in explained variance and type of predictors. Our study shows that treating public health compliance as a sole construct obfuscates the dimensionality of compliance behaviours, which risks poorer prediction of individuals' compliance behaviours and problems in generating valid public health recommendations. Affecting these distinct behaviours may require different types of interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Correction: Psychological characteristics and the mediating role of the 5C Model in explaining students' COVID-19 vaccination intention.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255382.].

Psychological characteristics and the mediating role of the 5C Model in explaining students' COVID-19 vaccination intention.

To achieve herd immunity against COVID-19, it is crucial to know the drivers of vaccination intention and, thereby, vaccination. As the determinants of vaccination differ across vaccines, target groups and contexts, we investigate COVID-19 vaccination intention using data from university students from three countries, the Netherlands, Belgium and Portugal. We investigate the psychological drivers of vaccination intention using the 5C model as mediator. This model includes five antecedents of vaccination: Confidence, Complacency, Constraints, Calculation and Collective Responsibility. First, we show that the majority of students have a positive propensity toward getting vaccinated against COVID-19, though only 41% of students are completely acceptant. Second, using the 5C model, we show that 'Confidence' (ß = 0.33, SE = 03, p < .001) and 'Collective Responsibility' (ß = 0.35, SE = 04, p < .001) are most strongly related to students' COVID-19 vaccination intention. Using mediation analyses, we show that the perceived risk and effectiveness of the vaccine as well as trust in the government and health authorities indirectly relate to vaccination intention through 'Confidence'. The perceived risk of COVID-19 for one's social circle and altruism, the need to belong and psychopathy traits indirectly relate to vaccination intention through 'Collective Responsibility'. Hence, targeting the psychological characteristics associated with 'Confidence' and 'Collective Responsibility' can improve the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns among students.

The role of impulsivity and delay discounting in student compliance with COVID-19 protective measures.

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, governments set recommendations and restrictions that have given rise to new situations that require residents to deliberate and respond nonautomatically. For highly impulsive individuals, dealing with these situations may be harder, as they tend to deliberate less about the consequences of their behaviors. In this study, we investigate the relationship between impulsivity and delay discounting on the one hand and compliance with COVID-19 restrictions on the other hand. We distinguish between compliance with social distancing measures and compliance with hygiene measures. Regression analyses of an international sample of 6759 students from seven European countries reveal that the self-reported personality construct of impulsivity is negatively related to both types of compliance behavior. However, and unexpectedly, we also find a weak positive association between the discount rate-as measured by a behavioral task-and compliance. Our study highlights the importance of individual differences in impulsivity in regard to compliance with public health measures during a pandemic.